Butterfly lighting is essentially having the whole face evenly distributed in light. This can be done by having either one light straight ahead of the subject or having two lights at a 45 degree angle from the subject. Sometimes when using this type of lighting outdoors it can be better to use a diffuser to evenly spread the light across. In my example I used two lights, and you can clearly see even with motion her face is always covered.
Rembrandt is the goal of having half of the face lit whilst having small triangle present under the unlit halves eye. This is done by having the light at roughly a 45 degree angle from the subject, at a high angle whilst slightly tilted down; the subject may even be positioned to face slightly away from the camera. In my example, the rembrandt is very faint; i could have fixed this by changing the brightness of the light (to make a stronger contrast) or moved the model to have a more distinct triangle/separation.
Split Lighting is what I find to be the easiest light to manipulate as it literally means splitting the distribution of light; having half the subject in light and the other dark. This is done by having a singular light on one side of the subject with (usually) having the subject facing forwards straight into the camera. In my example the contrast isn't as strong as I would have prefered it, but you can see a line straight down the subjects face diving the light.
For my last example I wanted to show an alternative way to use lighting; for this I attempted to light up just the bottom of the subject's face by having the light source directly under the subject's face. Visually it makes the top portion the the subject's face darker (like their hair) and their shoulders/features deeper into her face darker. If done correctly it can make the subject look very menacing, however mine is slightly over exposed as a strong contrast isn't very prominent.
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